Target Audience

• Entrepreneurs and investors in the LBS applications and services industry

• Infrastructure and service providers in the positioning and location management sector

• Wireless carriers and location-based services providers

• Engineers, planners, product managers, and business development personnel

Key Questions Answered

• What are the primary positioning technologies for cellular communications and how do they work?

• What are the advantages and disadvantages of various positioning methods for various types of location-based services (LBS)?

• What is Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and why is important to positioning, location management, and LBS?

• What are the standards-based means for managing location information?

More on the Report

Published April 2005, this highly informative Eogogics Mind Commerce® publication will educate the reader about mobile positioning function and inter-workings for all commercially deployed location determination technologies. It also provides an understanding of all the technologies involved in location services, how location data is used and processed, rendering it useful as location information for various LBS applications. Coverage includes GPS, cellular technologies, RFID, and location-enabled WiFi. Applications of these technologies are reviewed in detail, including Wireless E911 and commercial Location-Based Services (LBS), as are other key enablers of these applications, in particular Geographical Information Systems (GIS).

Introduction

1.1. Overall Purpose
1.2 Why Is Mobile Positioning and Location Management Important?

2. Mobile Positioning Technologies

2.1 Position versus Location
2.2 Introduction To Positioning
2.3 Location Determination Methods (Non-Telephony)
2.3.1 Landmarks
2.3.2 Dead Reckoning
2.3.3 Celestial Navigation
2.3.4 Magnetic Tracking
2.4 Location Determination Methods for Mobile Applications
2.4.1 Location Positioning Determination Technologies
2.4.1.1 Satellite-Types Overview
2.4.1.1.1 Geostationary Satellites
2.4.1.1.2 Medium Earth Orbits
2.4.1.1.3 Low Earth Orbit Satellites
2.4.1.1.4 Elliptical Orbit Satellites
2.4.1.2 The Global Positioning System
2.4.1.2.1 Overview
2.4.1.2.2 GPS Coverage
2.4.1.2.3 GPS Calculations
2.4.1.2.3.1 Satellite Position Determination
2.4.1.2.3.2 GPS Device Distance from A Satellite Calculation
2.4.1.2.3.3 GPS Device Location Calculation
2.4.1.2.3.4 GPS Error Sources

• Selective Availability
• Tropospheric Delays
• Ionosphere Delays
• Multi-Path Delays
• GDOP/Visibility Delay

2.4.1.2.3.5 GPS Calculation Refinement

• Pseudo-Ranges
• Differential Correction
• WAAS

2.4.1.2.3.6 Other Considerations

• Alternatives to GPS
• Time to First Fix
• Cold Start
• Autonomous Start
• Warm Start
• Hot Start
• Obscuration

2.4.1.2.3.7 GPS Technical Data
2.4.1.2.4 Assisted GPS
2.4.1.2.4.1 A-GPS Historical Background
2.4.1.2.4.2 How a GPS Works
2.4.1.2.5 GPS-Based Mobile Applications
2.4.1.2.5.1 Overview
2.4.1.2.5.2 Critical Success Factors
2.4.1.2.5.3 Business Case Development
2.4.1.3 Terrestrial Network-Based Location Technologies
2.4.1.3.1 Overview
2.4.1.3.2 GSM
2.4.1.3.2.1 History of GSM

2.4.1.3.2.2 GSM Architecture

• Mobile Station
• Base Station Subsystem
• • BTS
    
  • BSC
  • LMU
• Network and Switching Subsystem
  
• • MSC
  • HLR
  • VLR
  • EIR
  • SMLC
  • GMLC
• Operations and Support Subsystem

2.4.1.3.2.3 GSM Location Management (Cell Handover for LBS)
2.4.1.3.2.4 GSM Basic Location Management

• Cell ID
  
• Cell and Sector
  
• Timing Advance

2.4.1.3.3 Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) and Angle of Arrival (AOA)
2.4.1.3.4 What Happened to Enhanced Observed Time Difference (E-OTD)
2.4.1.3.5 E-OTD versus TDOA
2.4.1.3.6 Comparing Handset-Based and Network-Based Location Strategies.
2.4.1.4 RFID
2.4.1.4.1 RFID Overview
2.4.1.4.2 RFID Applications
2.4.1.4.3 RFID Dimensions
2.4.1.4.4 The Strategic Implications of Wal-Mart's RFID Mandate
2.4.1.5 Wi-Fi
2.4.1.5.1 Wi-Fi/802.11 Overview
2.4.1.5.1.1 FHSS
2.4.1.5.1.2 DSSS
2.4.1.5.2 Specifications Overview
2.4.1.5.2.1 801.11
2.4.1.5.2.2 802.11a
2.4.1.5.2.3 802.11b
2.4.1.5.2.4 802.11g
2.4.1.5.3 Wi-Fi Location Technology
2.4.1.5.3.1 Received Signal Strength (RSSI)
2.4.1.5.3.2 Pattern Matching
2.4.1.5.3.3 Wireless Grid
2.4.1.5.4 Wi-Fi Location-Enabled Applications

3. Geographical Information systems

3.1 What is a Geographical Information System?
3.2 GIS Components
3.2.1 Attribute Data
3.2.2 Feature Representation
3.2.3 Spatial Relationships and Analysis
3.2.4 Coordinate Systems and Map Projection
3.2.5 Spatial Data Encoding
3.2.5.1 Vector Data
3.2.5.2 Raster Data
3.2.5.2.1 Quadtrees
3.2.6 GIS Data Manipulation
3.2.7 Management and Processing of GIS Data for MLS
3.2.8 GIS Data Management
3.2.9 GIS Data Processing
3.2.10 GIS in the MLS Architecture
3.2.11 MLS Application Management Issues
3.2.11.1 GIS Data Provisioning
3.2.11.2 Application Provisioning
3.2.11.3 Application Administration
3.2.11.4 Subscriber Provisioning
3.2.12 MLS Application GIS Data Processing
3.2.13 MLS Applications
3.2.13.1 Special Features Supported by GIS Data Processing
3.2.13.2 GIS Post-Processing Event Analysis
3.2.13.3 Event Logging

4. Location Management

4.1 The Location Management Function
4.1.1 LM in MLS Architecture
4.1.2 Detailing with Simultaneous IDE and MLS Applications. xxx
4.2 Positioning Sub-Systems
4.2.1 Obtaining Positioning Data
4.2.2 Position Calculation Function
4.2.3 Conversion of Position Data Into Useful Location information
4.2.4 Intelligent PDE Selection
4.2.5 Caching Location Information
4.2.6 Best Selection Process
4.2.7 Determination of Available PDE
4.3 MLS Client Control Subsystem
4.3.1 Clients vs. Subscribers
4.3.2 Different Types of MLS Client
4.3.3 MLS Applications, Services, and Content
4.3.4 Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
4.3.4.1 Authentication and Authorization
4.3.4.2 Accounting
4.3.5 Personalization
4.3.5.1 Privacy
4.3.5.1.1 Identity Privacy
4.3.5.2 Profiling
4.3.6 Quality of Service
4.3.7 QoS Management Based on Priority
4.3.8 LM Response Information to a MLS Client
4.3.8.1 Successful Location Request
4.4 On-Demand and Periodic Location Request
4.5 Location Request Use Cases
4.5.1 Mobile Originated Location Request (MO-LR)
4.5.2 Mobile Terminated Location Request (MT-LR)
4.5.3 Network Initiated Location Request (NI-LR)
4.6 Standard Location Management Infrastructure
4.6.1 ANSI Standard Location Management Infrastructure
4.6.2 GSM Standard Location Management Infrastructure